Karnataka’s Yana Caves Designated as National Geo-Heritage Site
GSI Recognition
The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has officially recognized the Yana Caves, located in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, as a geo-heritage site of national significance. This declaration was made in a letter from GSI Director-General Asit Saha to the Karnataka government’s chief secretary. The announcement coincided with the GSI’s celebration of its 176th foundation anniversary on March 4.
The Yana Caves are noted for their ancient geological formations, which are the result of millions of years of natural processes, including plate tectonics and weathering effects.
Geological Features
The rock formations in the Yana area, which are part of the Western Ghats, are estimated to be around 2,700 million years old. These formations have been derived from dolomitic limestone, a mineral composition similar to limestone but incorporating magnesium. This geological history dates back to the Precambrian era, marking the earliest period of Earth’s development before the emergence of complex life.
The GSI has highlighted that the tropical environment has facilitated the weathering process, leading to the development of various ‘karst features’ in the region. These features are formed when acidic groundwater partially dissolves limestone, resulting in the creation of caves and distinctive landforms. The Yana area is home to 61 karst formations, with the most recognized being the Bhairaveshwara Shikhara, which reaches a height of 120 meters, and the Mohini Shikhara, standing at 90 meters.
Cultural and Mythological Significance
Beyond their geological importance, the Yana Caves are also steeped in religious and mythological narratives. The area is associated with the legend of the demon Bhasmasura. According to the tale, Bhasmasura gained destructive powers from Lord Shiva after undergoing intense penance. Subsequently, he was outwitted by Lord Vishnu, who took on the form of the enchantress Mohini to trick Bhasmasura into self-destruction at Yana.
National Geo-Heritage Site List
To date, the GSI has pinpointed a total of 90 sites across India, categorizing them as either geological monuments or geo-heritage sites. Among these is the Peninsular Gneiss rock formation in Bengaluru, found within the Lalbagh Garden. This formation, similar in geological age to the Yana Caves, consists of hard metamorphic rock that contributes to the region’s geological diversity.
